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2005-11-08T21:48:00.000-08:00

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--Incremental- Captures only files created or modified since the last
backup. This method is more efficient from a storage media
perspective, but may require more time for restoration, depending on
when the last full backup was taken prior to initiating a recovery
operation.

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Interoperability- To facilitate recovery, backup devices must be
compatible with operating systems and applications used in backup
and recovery operations.

2005-11-06T21:48:00.000-08:00

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Information security policy should define the general broad
requirement, and this must be tailored and defined for individual
operations. In cases where the data may be potentially needed for
legal or investigative purposes, agencies need to consult with their
investigative, general counsel, and records retention organizations
prior to finalizing retention policies.

2005-11-05T21:48:00.000-08:00

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As part of this process, mission-critical operations should be identified
along with the supporting data and systems. Subsequent to
identification of these critical assets, methods for recovery of data and
systems due to error or attack must be included in the overall
Business Continuity Plan. This ITL Bulletin focuses on techniques for
addressing this important component of contingency planning. The
intent is to provide users with a quick reference primer on methods
for data and system recovery.

2005-11-05T13:48:00.000-08:00

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It is essential that those managing information technology (IT) security
programs ensure that they have put contingencies in place for quick
restoration of IT resources. A Business Impact Analysis (BIA) should
be completed. The BIA identifies and prioritizes systems and data in
terms of their criticality to an organization's business processes and
mission.

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Introduction A key asset in federal agencies today is the information
and data used to implement, sustain, and maintain critical government
programs and operations. Current efforts in ensuring that the United
States can recover and restore activities which have great impact on
the physical and economic health and safety of the American public
are dependent upon the ability to quickly reinstate information systems
and the data required to run those systems. Effective homeland
security is dependent upon an extensive amount of corroboration and
data sharing.

2005-11-04T21:48:00.000-08:00

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TECHNIQUES FOR SYSTEM AND DATA RECOVERY Bill
Burr, Computer Security Division Joan S. Hash, Computer Security
Division Information Technology Laboratory National Institute of
Standards and Technology

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2005-11-04T05:48:00.000-08:00

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There are tools to "zero out the drive," as its called. I think fdisk, a
windows utility, can do this, but I'm not certain. I'm sure you can find
something on the Internet if it cannot.

2005-11-03T05:48:00.000-08:00

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However, there are tools that allow a person to go to bucket #17 and
get foo.txt out of it if they know what is in there. The file itself was
never removed from the disk. However, if some other file was saved
to bucket #17 in the meantime, the only thing in bucket #17 is the new
file. Then, foo.txt is truly lost for good. How the tools know where to
look is another story, and complicated enough that I am only partially
sure how it works. I think it is similar to what happens when the
whole file is deleted as I described above.

2005-11-02T21:48:00.000-08:00

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I last used this knowledge, but I believe the technical name of a
bucket is a "cluster".). When the operating system deletes a file it
usually just goes to the file system and removes the entry that says
"this file is in this bucket". Say you had a file "foo.txt" that is in bucket
#17; when it is deleted, the file system would remove the statement
"foo.txt is in bucket #17". That way, there's no way to get to foo.txt in
the normal way and you don't have to go through the trouble of
writing "0,0,0,..." where foo.txt is.

2005-11-02T13:48:00.000-08:00

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So here is a quick description of how file systems work. A hard-disk
is like a very long line of buckets and each bucket holds a group of
bytes. To keep track all of these buckets, some of the "buckets" are
set aside to describe which buckets hold what file or chunks of a file
(point of reference: a common "bucket" size is 64 kB; if a file is bigger
than a bucket, it is put in multiple buckets. It's been a while since

2005-10-31T21:48:00.000-08:00

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Management Policy should be developed detailing policies for the use
and handling of keys and identifying the keys that are subject to key
recovery. For each system that uses cryptography, a Key
Management Practices Statement should be developed, detailing the
specific key generation, protection, maintenance, use, and key
recovery procedures employed.

2005-10-31T05:48:00.000-08:00

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For example, some file encryption products may store the decryption
key, encrypted using a password, with the encrypted data or may
generate the decryption key directly from a password. If the
encrypted backup of the key and data is stolen, it may be possible to
conduct an "offline" password guessing attack against the encrypted
data, since passwords are often easy to guess.

2005-10-29T13:48:00.000-07:00

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Any keying material maintained for key recovery is an additional point
of attack, and therefore, the security of data maintained for key
recovery purposes is paramount. In many cases, it is desirable to
maintain the key to be recovered under dual control, so that the
cooperation of two or more people is required to recover a key.

2005-10-27T21:48:00.000-07:00

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Encryption is used to protect sensitive information when it is stored in
IT systems and when it is transmitted between them. NIST-approved
encryption algorithms offer strong confidentiality protection. Data
encrypted with NIST-approved strong encryption algorithms can only
be decrypted with the key that was used to encrypt the data. On the
one hand, to ensure the confidentiality of encrypted data, the
encryption key must be carefully protected; however, if the encryption
key is lost, the data is lost. Therefore it is vital that encryption keys: ?
be carefully protected from unauthorized access, but ?
also be carefully protected from loss, even if the "owner" of the key
leaves or is unable to perform their duties.

2005-10-27T13:48:00.000-07:00

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Key recovery may be needed for two reasons: ?
if keys used to encrypt data with strong encryption are lost, then the
data is lost. ?
lost keys may affect the continuity of operations.

2005-10-27T05:48:00.000-07:00

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Key recovery is the generic term for the systematic protection of
encryption keys to prevent their loss. NIST is developing
comprehensive guidance on the full lifecycle of key management,
including the generation, use, protection, and destruction of keys.
Here we address only one important aspect of that broader subject,
key recovery.

2005-10-26T21:48:00.000-07:00

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Recovery Of Encrypted Data With an increased use of cryptography
governmentwide, there is an increased need to advise agencies
regarding recovery techniques for encrypted data. The following
section provides information on encryption methods and
considerations for effective data recovery.

2005-10-26T13:48:00.000-07:00

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Cold sites are the least expensive option, with mirrored sites being the
most expensive.
It should be noted that other traditional operational contingencies such
as the taking of regular backups by system administrators, associated
backup documentation, and the process of securing administrative
passwords are not addressed in this bulletin but need to be in place to
provide a basic level of recovery capability in addition to
incorporating any of the additional techniques emphasized above.

2005-10-25T21:48:00.000-07:00

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Hot Site- The facility is equipped with all necessary infrastructure and
IT equipment to be immediately and fully functional. A hot site is
typically staffed 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.

2005-10-23T21:48:00.000-07:00

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Electronic Vaulting- Allows backups to be created offsite
automatically by the use of an electronic vaulting provider. Media that
may be used includes optical disks, magnetic disks, mass storage
devices, or automated tape libraries.

2005-10-22T21:48:00.000-07:00

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--Disk Replication- With disk replication, data is written to two
different disks (a protected server and a replicating server) so that
two valid copies of the data are always available.

2005-10-22T13:48:00.000-07:00

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Redundant Array of Interactive Devices (RAID)- RAID technology
can provide disk redundancy and fault tolerance for data storage and
increase the mean time between failure (MTBF), improving data
availability. RAID can be used to mask disk drive and controller
failures. It can also increase performance and reliability. With a RAID
system, disk drives can be swapped without shutting down the system
when a disk drive fails. RAID is not, however, a satisfactory
substitute for offsite backups, because it offers no protection against
catastrophic events such as fires or floods.

2005-10-22T05:48:00.000-07:00

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--Differential- Stores files that were created or modified since the last
full backup. This method takes less time to complete than a full
backup and may require fewer storage units than an incremental
approach because only the full backup tape and the last incremental
tape would be needed for restoration. One disadvantage is that the
differential backups take longer because the amount of data since the
last full backup increases daily until the next full backup is run.

2005-10-21T21:48:00.000-07:00

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2005-10-21T13:48:00.000-07:00

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Types of System Backups:
--Full- Captures all files selected for backup. Depending on the
volume of data and frequency, full backups can require a large
storage capacity and a significant amount of time to record the
information. In cases where much of the data does not change from
backup to backup, other options may be considered.

2005-10-21T05:48:00.000-07:00

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Selection of Backup Media- Decisions made regarding what backup
media to use need to consider the amount of data to be backed up,
the backup frequency and the required retention, recovery and
transport requirements, destruction and restoration procedures,
availability, and cost. Common media used include diskettes, tape
cartridges, removable media (zip drives), compact disks, network
storage devices such as networked disks, or server backups. Internet
backup or online backup is a commercial service which allows
personal computers to back up data to a remote location over the
Internet for a fee. Confidentiality procedures need to be addressed up
front prior to invoking any of these methods. In addition, it is
important to ensure that the necessary hardware remains available to
read backups or have a method in place to convert to newer media if
necessary.

2005-10-20T21:48:00.000-07:00

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Interoperability- To facilitate recovery, backup devices must be
compatible with operating systems and applications used in backup
and recovery operations.

2005-10-20T13:48:00.000-07:00

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Configuration- System recovery is faster if hardware, software, and
peripherals are standardized throughout an organization. Although this
may not always be achievable, compatibility is a big factor for easy
recovery.

2005-10-20T05:48:00.000-07:00

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Program- For all procedures used to address organizational policy for
system and data recovery, it is essential that a test plan be developed
and executed at least annually to ensure that recovery is achievable
under the prescribed scenarios. Based on the test results, the plan
should be modified if required.

2005-10-19T21:48:00.000-07:00

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2005-10-19T13:48:00.000-07:00

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On Backup- Organizations need to document and enforce policies on
backing up critical IT resources. Requirements for this should be
defined in terms of the impact on the organization's mission and
operations. The backup cycle defined must consider user and
customer requirements. Frequency of backup will depend on
infrastructure robustness and redundancy, as well as the level of
difficulty for reconstruction.

2005-10-18T21:48:00.000-07:00

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2005-10-17T21:48:00.000-07:00

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TECHNIQUES FOR SYSTEM AND DATA RECOVERY Bill
Burr, Computer Security Division Joan S. Hash, Computer Security
Division Information Technology Laboratory National Institute of
Standards and Technology

2005-10-17T13:48:00.000-07:00

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2005-10-17T05:48:00.000-07:00

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There are tools to "zero out the drive," as its called. I think fdisk, a
windows utility, can do this, but I'm not certain. I'm sure you can find
something on the Internet if it cannot.

2005-10-16T21:48:00.000-07:00

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Formatting the disk just removes the whole file system (but not the
files) and starts over; this is just like deleting all of the files. They are
still on thedisk, but there is no (easy) way to find them.

2005-10-16T13:48:00.000-07:00

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What happens when you delete part of a file and save it again is
simply that it is written to another portion of the hard-disk and then
the file system is told "the file is now in this other bucket". If foo.txt
were saved again and put in bucket #19, the old version is still in
bucket #17 for the tools I mentioned above to salvage.

2005-10-16T05:48:00.000-07:00

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2005-10-15T21:48:00.000-07:00

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2005-10-15T13:48:00.000-07:00

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2005-10-15T05:48:00.000-07:00

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Even then they can recover!(NORMAN provides a data recovery
service) I was also told that if you delete a part of an already saved
text file, save it again and close it, you can recover the deleted part,
even if you copy it to another disk, does this mean that the deleted
data is saved within the file? At last I would like to ask how you can
be sure that the deleted data cannot be recovered at any rate?

2005-10-14T21:48:00.000-07:00

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Question - How is data recovery being done? I have read many
books and articles in which data recovery is described or at least
mentioned, and most of them say that almost everything you delete
can be recovered, is this true? If it is, I would like to know what has
become of the deleted data, according to NORMAN it is not only in
System Volume Information which is being used by system recovery.
NORMAN even says that formatting your HD does not erase all the
data.

2005-10-14T13:48:00.000-07:00

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Disclaimer Any mention of commercial products or reference to
commercial organizations is for information only; it does not imply
recommendation or endorsement by NIST nor does it imply that the
products mentioned are necessarily the best available for the purpose.

2005-10-14T05:48:00.000-07:00

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NIST is now developing a key management guidance document that
will provide detailed guidance on how keys should be managed,
including the key recovery aspects.

2005-10-13T21:48:00.000-07:00

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2005-10-13T13:48:00.000-07:00

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Informal key recovery by ad hoc user backup of keys may be
appropriate when personal files, individual working drafts, and the like
are encrypted, or when the loss of that data would not seriously
impact the mission of the agency. However, where important data is
encrypted, and either the loss or compromise of that data would
significantly affect the mission of the agency, a formal Key

2005-10-13T05:48:00.000-07:00

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2005-10-12T21:48:00.000-07:00

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When sensitive data is backed up, the backups themselves are
sensitive data and must be protected. However, if the sensitive data is
encrypted, then backups of the sensitive encrypted data may not
require additional confidentiality protection, provided that the keying
material needed to access that encrypted data is adequately protected
(e.g., encrypted under a different storage encryption key and/or
separated from the sensitive data). Users are cautioned that the
protection mechanism used to protect the key needed to decrypt the
sensitive data needs to be carefully assessed as to the security it
provides.

2005-10-12T13:48:00.000-07:00

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Users must understand how their cryptographic products work to
ensure that the keying material needed to recover data from their
systems and applications is appropriately and securely backed up for
key recovery. In some products, special key recovery features have
been designed into the product to make key recovery comparatively
easy; for example, many Certification Authority (CA) products build
in a feature for the CA to retain an encrypted copy of encryption keys
and access those keys under specified security controls. In other
cases, users may need, for example, to export keys from hardware
cryptographic modules and store them in a safe.

2005-10-12T05:48:00.000-07:00

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In addition, some other information may need to be available in order
to recover data, such as initialization vectors, and public parameters
and constants used by encryption schemes.

2005-10-11T21:48:00.000-07:00

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There are a large variety of encryption mechanisms and products, and
it is impossible to summarize here how they all maintain and manage
their keying material. The keying materials that require backup and
secure storage for key recovery purposes may include: ?
keys used to decrypt data; ?
keys used to decrypt encryption keys that are used to decrypt data; ?
keys used to authenticate data; ?
keys used to verify digital signatures, and ?
(in unusual circumstances, where operationally required) private
signing keys.

2005-10-11T13:48:00.000-07:00

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2005-10-11T05:48:00.000-07:00

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Key recovery generally requires that a copy of all the keying material
needed to recover data or resume operations be securely maintained
in the custody of a trusted key recovery facility or officer which is not
the normal owner or user of the encrypted data or keying material.

2005-10-10T21:48:00.000-07:00

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Users primarily need key recovery for stored encrypted data.
Although it may, in some cases, be desirable to implement key
recovery for encryption keys used during communications, in most
cases the loss of such keys does not cause data loss. This is because
encrypted data communications protocols such as the Transport
Layer Security (TLS) or Secure Socket Layer (SSL) protocol
generally decrypt data immediately when it is received. Encrypted e-
mail systems are an exception, since, in many products, encrypted
messages may be saved in encrypted form.

2005-10-10T13:48:00.000-07:00

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In general, implementing key recovery for the private signing keys is
undesirable, because it weakens "nonrepudiation" since the key holder
does not have sole control of their signing key. Because of this
disparity in the need to backup keys, it is usually undesirable to use
one key for multiple purposes (e.g., for both encryption and digital
signatures).

2005-10-10T05:48:00.000-07:00

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The loss of encryption keys may affect the continuity of operations,
even if it does not cause data loss. In addition, the loss of
authentication keys or signature verification keys may also affect the
continuity of operations. These keys may need to be copied (i.e.,
backed up or archived) in order to allow recovery of the keys, when
required. However, in many cases, it is unnecessary and may be
undesirable to copy or back up the private signing keys used to create
digital signatures.

2005-10-09T21:48:00.000-07:00

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2005-10-09T13:48:00.000-07:00

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Key recovery may be needed for two reasons: ?
if keys used to encrypt data with strong encryption are lost, then the
data is lost. ?
lost keys may affect the continuity of operations.

2005-10-09T05:48:00.000-07:00

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2005-10-08T21:48:00.000-07:00

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Mobile Site- A self-contained transportable unit that is custom-fitted
with specific telecommunications and IT equipment necessary to meet
defined requirements.
Mirrored Site- A fully redundant facility that has real-time information
mirroring and is identical in all technical aspects to the primary site.

2005-10-07T21:48:00.000-07:00

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Hot Site- The facility is equipped with all necessary infrastructure and
IT equipment to be immediately and fully functional. A hot site is
typically staffed 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.

2005-10-07T13:48:00.000-07:00

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Cold Site- The facility has necessary space and infrastructure support
(electric power, telecommunications support, environmental controls),
but does not contain IT equipment.
Warm Site-The facility is partially equipped with some of the
necessary IT equipment. It is maintained in an operational status ready
to receive the relocated system.

2005-10-07T05:48:00.000-07:00

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--Reciprocal site with an internal or external entity where a formal
agreement has been negotiated, and
--Commercially leased facility.
Regardless of which type of alternate site is used, there are five
possible scenarios that apply.

2005-10-06T21:48:00.000-07:00

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--Dedicated site owned and operated by an agency,

2005-10-06T13:48:00.000-07:00

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For both electronic vaulting and remote journaling, offsite facilities are
still required.
Alternate Sites- Three types of alternate sites may be considered for
backup and recovery of a system's capability:

2005-10-06T05:48:00.000-07:00

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Remote Journaling- Transmits transaction logs or journals to a remote
location. This enables transactions, applications, or database changes
since the last backup to be recovered.

2005-10-05T21:48:00.000-07:00

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2005-10-05T13:48:00.000-07:00

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Technology Systems, provides guidance on this issue and is available
for download at
http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-30/sp800-30.pdf.
Periodic backups of removable media and their transportation to a
secure, remote site can, in many cases, accomplish offsite backup.
However, automatic remote backup can also be accomplished by:

2005-10-05T05:48:00.000-07:00

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Offsite Backup Options To prevent loss of data from catastrophic
events such as fires, floods, and the like, it is vital that backups be
maintained in a separate, offsite location, so that the probability of a
single event destroying both the operational data files and their
backup is small. Decisions on what location an organization should
use should be based on completion of a formal risk assessment. NIST
Special Publication 800-30, Risk Management Guide For Information

2005-10-04T21:48:00.000-07:00

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--Disk Replication- With disk replication, data is written to two
different disks (a protected server and a replicating server) so that
two valid copies of the data are always available.

2005-10-04T13:48:00.000-07:00

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Interoperability- To facilitate recovery, backup devices must be
compatible with operating systems and applications used in backup
and recovery operations.

2005-10-02T13:48:00.000-07:00

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Contingencies For Data/System Availability
Critical data should be backed up and stored at an offsite location.
Backup media should be housed in a secure, environmentally
controlled facility. Information on data content and structure should be
stored with the data as well. Any relevant licensing and vendor
information should also be part of the backup materials delivered.

2005-09-30T21:48:00.000-07:00